Epigenetics refers to how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes (mutations), epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change the sequence of DNA bases, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.
Epigenetics is the study of how our environment influences our genes by changing the chemicals attached to them. What we eat, our physical activity level, access to resources and more affect those chemicals, in turn shaping our health.
One example of an epigenetic change in eukaryotic biology is the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells.
Genomic risk is accounted for by DNA sequence variation at single and multi-base pair levels, while epigenetic risk factors arise from aberrant non-DNA sequence-based heritability.
These epigenetic changes can influence the growth of neurons in the developing brain as well as modify the activity of neurons in the adult brain. Together, these epigenetic changes in neuron structure and function can have a marked influence on behavior.
EXAMPLE: Nerve cell and muscle cell.
A muscle cell has a structure that aids in your body's ability to move. Epigenetics allows the muscle cell to turn on genes to make proteins important for its job and turn off genes important for a nerve cell's job.
Despite big research efforts, there are still uncertainties about the exact nature of epigenetic effects. This is especially true when it involves claims that changes to genes persist for generations. For that reason, epigenetics remains a controversial science, although progress is being made rapidly.
New scientific research shows that environmental influences can actually affect whether and how genes are expressed. In fact, scientists have discovered that early experiences can determine how genes are turned on and off and even whether some are expressed at all.
Positive aspects of the environment such as cognitive stimulation, healthy diet, and exercise may also promote resilience through epigenetic mechanisms.
Nutrition and exercise are among the most well-known environmental epigenetic factors influencing the proper developmental and functional lifestyle, with potential beneficial or detrimental effects on health status.
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